Summary
What is gingival hyperplasia?
Medical definition
Simply put, it's when your gums become abnormally swollen . They thicken, swell, and in some cases may even begin to partially cover your teeth . This isn't just a passing swelling ; it indicates that your body is reacting to an imbalance or excessive stimulation.
Difference between gingival hyperplasia and hypertrophy
These two terms are often confused, and yet:
Hypertrophy : the gingival cells enlarge,
Hyperplasia : the number of cells increases.
But in practice, the term hyperplasia is generally used for both situations, since the consequences and treatments are very similar.
An often underestimated but common condition
It can affect anyone, from children to the elderly. The problem is that it often develops slowly and painlessly , which explains why many people only discover it late. Yet, it can affect the appearance of your smile, make cleaning your teeth more difficult, and promote inflammation. In other words: it's best to take it seriously.
The main causes of gingival hyperplasia
1. Drug-related causes
This is quite common; some treatments can alter the cellular response of our gums: they become more voluminous, sometimes in just a few weeks.
The medications most often implicated are:
Antiepileptic drugs,
Immunosuppressants,
Some medications for blood pressure.
Some patients will not develop any symptoms, while others will see their gums thicken rapidly. If you notice any changes shortly after starting a new treatment, it is best to discuss them with a professional.
2. Hormonal causes
Our hormones play an important role in gum sensitivity . They can increase inflammation or make tissues more reactive. This is especially true during puberty, pregnancy, or when taking birth control pills.
In these situations, gingival hyperplasia is not systematic, but is more likely to occur if your dental routine is not optimal.
3. Inflammatory and infectious causes
Insufficient oral hygiene promotes the accumulation of dental plaque , which in turn triggers an inflammatory response. Over time, the gums thicken as a defense mechanism. The main contributing factors are:
Insufficient brushing,
Untreated chronic gingivitis .
Gingival hyperplasia is therefore a warning sign. By improving your oral hygiene routine and consulting your dentist regularly, it is possible to reduce the swelling.
4. Genetic and systemic causes
Some people have a family predisposition: their gums react more strongly to dental plaque or certain medications.
Less commonly, certain diseases or metabolic disorders can lead to excessive growth of gum tissue. In these cases, diagnosis is more complex and generally requires monitoring by several specialists.
Symptoms and signs of gingival hyperplasia
1. Visible swelling of the gums
This is often the first change that is noticed: they become thicker, more voluminous, and may turn red. Sometimes, they even begin to partially cover the teeth, giving the impression that the teeth are shorter.
2. Bleeding when brushing
If your gums bleed regularly when cleaning, even when you are gentle, it is a sign that the tissues are weakened and inflamed.
3. Difficulty chewing or speaking
As gums grow larger, they can interfere with certain movements. Chewing slightly firm foods or articulating certain words can become uncomfortable.
4. Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
Excess gum tissue creates hard-to-clean crevices where bacteria accumulate. The result: bad breath that persists despite good oral hygiene .
5. Altered oral aesthetics
The appearance of the smile changes, becoming less harmonious. This aesthetic change can sometimes affect self-confidence and become a source of insecurity.
How to diagnose gingival hyperplasia?
1. Clinical examination by the dentist
The first step involves a visual and tactile examination. The professional observes the color, thickness, shape, and texture of the gums . They also check for the presence of dental plaque, tartar, and any areas of bleeding.
2. X-rays and periodontal assessment
X-rays help to see the condition of the bone supporting the teeth. The practitioner also measures the depth of the gum pockets , allowing them to differentiate between simple inflammation and a more serious problem.
3. Investigation of the drug or hormonal cause
The doctor will ask you questions about any medications you are currently taking or any hormonal changes. This information is valuable in determining whether your hyperplasia is related to a medication or something else.
4. Regular monitoring to assess progress
Once the diagnosis is made, regular follow-up visits allow us to see how the swelling is progressing and to adjust the treatment if necessary.
What are the treatments for gingival hyperplasia?
1. Improved oral hygiene
This is the foundation, without which nothing truly works. Here are a few simple but effective steps to adopt:
Brush your teeth gently twice a day.
Use interdentalbrushes to clean between your teeth.
Use an antibacterial mouthwash recommended by your dentist.
When the condition subsides, the gums often return to a normal appearance.
2. Adjustment of medication treatment (if possible)
If the problem stems from a treatment, the doctor can sometimes suggest a less aggressive alternative for the gums. But be careful: never change your treatment without consulting a doctor!
3. Professional Dental Care
To control the inflammation, the dentist can perform:
A descaling,
Root planing , to clean under the gum line,
A gingivectomy , if a significant excess of tissue needs to be removed.
These treatments improve both the aesthetics and the comfort of the patient.
4. Post-operative monitoring and prevention of recurrence
After treatment, regular check-ups are essential. With a good routine and appropriate monitoring, the risk of the problem recurring is significantly reduced.
Prevention of gingival hyperplasia
1. Rigorous oral hygiene
Brushing your teeth thoroughly twice a day, using interdental brushes, and rinsing with mouthwash when necessary is a good trio. These simple steps prevent plaque buildup and reduce inflammation.
2. Regular checkups with the dentist
A visit every 6 to 12 months allows for early detection of changes in gum thickness and treatment before they become bothersome.
3. Monitoring during known drug treatments
Certain treatments can contribute to gingival hyperplasia . In this case, it's best to consult your dentist more regularly. They will be able to detect the early signs and advise you.
4. Healthy lifestyle: balanced diet, quitting smoking
Eating a balanced diet, staying well hydrated, and quitting smoking: these are all good resolutions that also help your gums! Less irritation and a healthier smile.
Impact of gingival hyperplasia on oral health
1. Increased risk of plaque and cavities
Excess tissue creates areas where the brush doesn't fit properly. Plaque then accumulates more easily, promoting cavities and inflammation. It's a vicious cycle that's best stopped quickly.
2. Aesthetic and psychological discomfort
Having overly large gums or a smile that appears puffy can undermine self-confidence. Some people even withdraw into themselves, avoiding social contact out of embarrassment.
3. Deterioration of periodontal health
If the problem persists, it can develop into periodontal disease , with the risk of teeth loosening and the supporting bone deteriorating. All the more reason not to neglect your dental checkups!
4. Possible correlation with certain systemic pathologies
Like any chronic irritation, gingival hyperplasia can reveal imbalances in the body or be aggravated by more general health problems. Taking care of your gums is also taking care of your overall health.
When should you see a dentist?
1. At the first signs of abnormal swelling
If you notice that your gums are thickening or seem to be covering your teeth, don't ignore it. The sooner the cause is identified, the sooner the problem can be addressed.
2. If the gums bleed regularly
Even slight, repeated bleeding is a sign of an underlying problem. It's not normal, even if you tend to get used to it, and it definitely warrants a professional opinion.
3. In the case of medication known to cause this condition
Certain medications can promote the development of gingival hyperplasia. If this is the case for you, appropriate monitoring is essential to prevent the situation from worsening.
4. If the aesthetic or functional impairment becomes significant
Whether it's for chewing, speaking, or simply aesthetic discomfort with your reflection: all these reasons are valid for seeking help. Your well-being is just as important as your health!
Frequently asked questions about gingival hyperplasia
Is gingival hyperplasia reversible?
Yes, in many cases. When it's related to inflammation or poor hygiene, the gums often return to normal once the care routine improves. If the cause is medication-related, an adjustment of the treatment with your doctor may be necessary.
What medications can cause it?
The most common are certain antiepileptics (such as phenytoin), immunosuppressants (such as cyclosporine) and certain drugs for hypertension such as nifedipine or verapamil.
Is it painful?
Not necessarily. Most patients describe discomfort: bleeding, a feeling of thickened gums, or difficulty brushing.
Can this condition be prevented?
Yes: a careful daily routine, interdental cleaning and regular checkups with the dentist greatly reduce the risk.
Can gingival hyperplasia return?
Unfortunately, yes, especially if the underlying cause isn't addressed. That's why regular follow-up is so important.
What home care services are useful?
Gentle brushing, the use of interdental brushes, appropriate mouthwashes and staying well hydrated are good habits to adopt on a daily basis.
