Summary
We often hear about fluoride ...sometimes good, sometimes not so good. Yet dentists widely recommend it to prevent cavities and strengthen enamel . So, what is it really? Is it useful, even essential, or should we be wary of it? Let's take stock together to understand what fluoride is used for in toothpaste, how to use it correctly, and above all, if it presents a real health risk. Spoiler: well dosed, it's an excellent ally!
* This article does not replace the medical advice of a healthcare professional.
What is fluoride and where is it found?
Fluorine, a natural mineral
Fluorine is a trace element found naturally in the environment: in the earth's crust, in certain soils, and even in water. It is therefore not an artificially manufactured “chemical ingredient”, but a natural mineral . When it comes to oral health, fluoride is known for its ability to strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities . It works by attaching to the surface of the teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria in the mouth. It is therefore a valuable ally in daily dental hygiene ! 💪
Where is fluoride found?
Apart from toothpastes , fluoride is found in various natural and food sources, in varying concentrations:
💧 Water : In some areas, groundwater is naturally fluoridated. In France and Europe, tap water is not enriched with fluoride, unlike in the United States.
🐟 Sea fish, especially those eaten with the bones (like sardines), are real little fluorine mines.
🍵 Tea, especially black tea , naturally contains it too.
🥬 Certain vegetables , like spinach, also provide small amounts.
🧂 Fluoridated salt: in some countries, table salt enriched with fluoride is offered as an alternative.
But let's be honest: these natural contributions are generally not enough to properly protect our teeth from cavities. This is why health professionals recommend using fluoride toothpaste , which ensures a targeted and optimal daily dose.
How does fluoride protect against cavities?
Caries protection mechanism
Cavities form when acid attacks (often caused by sugar and bacteria) weaken tooth enamel, gradually creating a cavity. Fluoride plays a role on several levels to counter this phenomenon:
It strengthens enamel by binding to hydroxyapatite crystals naturally present in teeth. Result: stronger enamel, more resistant to acid attacks.
It reduces the activity of cariogenic bacteria by disrupting their metabolism. Less acid = less damage!
It promotes the remineralization of enamel when it begins to demineralize. In short, fluoride helps teeth repair themselves when decay begins.
It's a bit like invisible armor that you apply twice a day while brushing your teeth 🦸♂️.
Scientific consensus on the effectiveness of fluoride
Since the 1940s, much research has been conducted on the role of fluoride in preventing cavities. Their conclusion is unequivocal: fluoride is one of the most effective and simple ways to protect our teeth . The main health authorities are unanimous:
WHO (World Health Organization)
HAS (High Health Authority)
French Union for Oral Health (UFSBD)
American Academy of Pediatrics
They all recommend using a toothpaste with fluoride every day, adjusting the concentration according to age (1000 ppm before 6 years, 1450 ppm after).
“ Used correctly, fluoride significantly reduces the incidence of cavities, without danger to health. ”
The dangers of fluoride in toothpaste: is it harmful?
The risks of fluoride overdose: fluorosis
Dental fluorosis mainly occurs in children when they consume too much fluoride during the formation of their teeth, i.e. before the age of 6. It appears as small white or brown spots on the enamel .
But at low levels, fluorosis is just a matter of aesthetics and does not make teeth more fragile. It remains uncommon in Europe, in particular thanks to good awareness of the dosages appropriate for each age.
Fluoride: Is it toxic?
Fluoride can become harmful in very high doses, as can many other minerals (iron, zinc, etc.). However, don't worry: you would have to swallow the equivalent of one or two entire tubes of toothpaste at once to reach a dangerous dose for an adult. By brushing your teeth normally, twice a day with the right amount, there is no worry about toxicity.
This is also why toothpastes are equipped with caps that are difficult for children to open! 👶
Fluoride during pregnancy and children
The use of fluoride is not recommended during pregnancy . It continues to offer good dental protection, at a time when the gums may be more sensitive and fragile. And for children, it’s all a question of dosage, we’ll come back to that below.
Fluoride and the pineal gland: is it dangerous?
Some documentaries or forums claim that fluoride could accumulate in the pineal gland, which is located in the center of the brain, and have effects on sleep or consciousness...
In reality, no serious and validated study has proven that fluoride has an impact on this gland at the doses found in toothpaste. These are mainly unfounded rumors, very widespread in certain alternative communities.
Fluoride and thyroid: is there a link?
Previous research has indicated that excess fluoride could disrupt thyroid function, especially if one is deficient in iodine. However, recent studies have not confirmed this link at usual doses. In France, fluoride levels are well below risk thresholds. The only problem could come from consumption from an excessively fluoridated environment (enriched tap water and food, supplements, etc.), which is not the case in Europe.
Other Side Effects of Fluoride: Rash and More
Sometimes, it may happen that some people feel:
Slight redness on the skin ,
A feeling of dry mouth .
However, these effects are rare and often linked to other ingredients in toothpaste (fragrance, preservatives, SLS, etc.) rather than fluoride itself.
If you have any doubts or notice an unusual reaction, consult your dentist or dermatologist for a proper diagnosis.
When and why use fluoride toothpaste?
The importance of using fluoride for all ages
Fluoride isn't just for adults! As soon as the first teeth appear , it becomes a valuable ally in preventing cavities. Contrary to what one might believe, cavities do not only affect permanent teeth: baby teeth can also suffer, and this can have repercussions on long-term oral health. By using it regularly, fluoride:
Protects enamel from acid attacks 🍬,
Repairs early lesions before decay sets in,
Reduces the need for future dental care (and associated costs 😅).
At any age, the goal remains the same: to strengthen enamel and reduce the risk of cavities. Fluoridated toothpastes , well adapted to age, are therefore the best daily defense.
Fluoride in toothpastes for babies and children
We sometimes hear that children should avoid fluoride... but in reality, the official recommendations (UFSBD, HAS, Order of Dentists, etc.) say quite the opposite: fluoride is important from a very young age, as long as the dose is adjusted correctly.
As soon as the first teeth appear (around 6 months) : brush twice a day with a toothpaste containing 1000 ppm of fluoride, with a quantity equivalent to a grain of rice.
Ages 3 to 6 : Continue with 1000 ppm, using a pea-sized amount. Encourage the child to spit it out without rinsing, to allow the fluoride to work.
After 6 years : switch to a classic toothpaste at 1450 ppm, twice a day.
Fluoride plays a crucial role in preventing childhood cavities, which still affect 1 in 3 children in France.
Toothpaste without fluoride: useful or not?
Disadvantages of fluoride-free toothpaste
The main disadvantage of toothpastes without fluoride is that they do not offer the same protection against cavities. For now, fluoride remains the only ingredient proven to strengthen enamel and slow the appearance of cavities. Without him:
Enamel is more vulnerable to acid attack.
The risk of cavities increases, especially in children and those who do not have good dental hygiene.
There is no remineralizing effect in the event of early caries.
Benefits of fluoride-free toothpaste
However, some prefer this option for specific reasons, such as:
Ideal for people with a rare fluoride allergy .
Popular with those who favor a 100% natural hygiene routine.
May be suitable in the event of a particular medical contraindication .
Reduces the risk of ingestion by small children when it is difficult to monitor them.
Who is fluoride-free toothpaste for?
Fluoride-free toothpaste can be a good option for:
Adults with impeccable dental hygiene , a low-sugar diet and regular visits to the dentist.
Those who prefer to avoid fluoride for personal reasons , while being well informed of the limits.
Young children when they cannot be supervised while brushing (although ideally toothpaste with fluoride is always recommended under supervision).
Either way, be sure to talk to your dentist before switching to a fluoride-free version. He or she will be able to give you advice tailored to your oral health.
How to choose the right fluoride toothpaste?
With all the toothpastes available on the market, it can be a little difficult to navigate... To choose the right one , first remember to check the fluoride content, but don't forget to consider other aspects like the ingredients or even... the taste!
Value of the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) and choice of concentration
The amount of fluoride recommended each day may vary by country, but in France it is approximately 0.05 mg/kg/day. Using your toothpaste normally (and without swallowing it), the concentrations of 1000 and 1450 ppm are completely sufficient to stay safe. We invite you to refer above regarding the dosage according to ages.
No need to do more! Toothpastes with very high concentrations are reserved for special cases and should be used on the advice of a dentist.
Ingredients to check in toothpaste
A good toothpaste is not just about fluoride! Here are the things to check in the list of ingredients :
Effective fluorides , such as sodium fluoride (NaF), tin fluoride (SnF₂), or sodium monofluorophosphate.
No irritating sulfates (SLS) for sensitive gums.
No artificial colors or flavors if you have a delicate mouth.
Avoid plastic microbeads, which are polluting and unnecessary.
Remineralizing ingredients, such as xylitol or zinc citrate in addition to fluoride.
Taste and feeling of freshness
This may seem silly, but it’s important! A toothpaste that smells good and leaves your mouth feeling fresh will make it easier to brush your teeth.
Mild or strong mint for adults,
Red fruits, banana or chewing gum flavor for children,
Neutral tastes for sensitive people.
The main thing is to choose a toothpaste that makes you want to use it morning and evening, without exception!
Conclusion: Is fluoride in toothpaste really harmful?
No, fluoride is not dangerous when used correctly. And it is even one of the best allies for preventing cavities and strengthening tooth enamel. As long as the dosages appropriate for each age are respected, it is safe, effective and recommended by health professionals.
Morality? No healthy smile without a good brush... with fluoride.
FAQs about fluoride in toothpaste
Is fluoride in toothpaste carcinogenic?
No. No studies have proven a link between fluoride and cancer.
Is it bad for teeth?
No, on the contrary: it protects enamel and prevents cavities.
Can you use fluoride toothpaste every day?
Yes, morning and evening, as soon as the first teeth appear.
Is fluoride dangerous for children?
Not if it is well dosed: 1000 ppm max before 6 years, in very small quantities.
What if I swallow a little toothpaste?
No problem if it's occasional and in small quantities.
